Glossary entry

German term or phrase:

Unterlaibung

English translation:

bottom layer (of shell element in finite-element analysis)

Added to glossary by Oliver Walter
Apr 6, 2010 16:37
14 yrs ago
1 viewer *
German term

Unterlaibung

German to English Tech/Engineering Mechanics / Mech Engineering stress analysis
In a report on the finite-element analysis of stresses in part of a railway vehicle:
Die auftretenden Vergleichsspannungen nach von Mises werden mit den jeweils zulässigen Spannungen verglichen. Die Auswertung der Spannungen erfolgt getrennt nach Schalenober- bzw. -unterlaibung.
I have provisionally written:
The stresses are evaluated separately for the top and bottom support of the shell.
but this doesn't seem to make much sense!
Can you translate Unterlaibung (& Oberlaibung presumably follows logically) or explain what it is?
Proposed translations (English)
4 bottom (shell) boundary
3 +2 intrados

Discussion

Roy OConnor (X) Apr 8, 2010:
Thanks, Oliver! A difficult one that!
Oliver Walter (asker) Apr 7, 2010:
I've probably found it - with your help The contributions from Johannes and Roy were both useful, and my thanks to both of you. Roy's made me think that it may be a term in the terminology of the finite-elements method rather than part of the structure under analysis. I think I found the answer via a Google search using:
"finite elements" shell upper OR top lower OR bottom
(including the quotes). Approx. the 60th hit from this search was from Google Books: in "Practical Stress Analysis with Finite Elements" by Bryan J. MacDonald, on page 135: "It is important to note that shell elements have many layers, usually a top, middle and bottom. This means that during post-processing it is important to select the layer of interest." My text states elsewhere "Im FE-Modell sind Schalen-, Balken- und sogenannte MPC-Elemente sowie Massepunkte vorhanden.", which increases my confidence in this interpretation. Johannes also suggested layer, though from a slightly different point of view. I would like to award equal points to both of you but that's not possible (& has been discussed in the forums).

Proposed translations

16 hrs
Selected

bottom (shell) boundary

I think the terms Schalenoberlaibung (-unterlaibung) relate more to the actual finite element method than to the vehicle structure itself per se. Top and bottom shell boundaries seem to be quite often mentioned in the method of von Mises. An example is given below in the referenced PDF. Googling "von Mises" and "shell boundary" throws up quite a few hits.

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Note added at 1 day1 hr (2010-04-07 17:38:53 GMT)
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In response to Johannes, Googling "von Mises" "shell boundary" throws up lots of hits, but most of them are books which only display the abstract, which itself does not contain the references.
There are however some PDF references which do show the shell boundary in context, e.g.
http://www-dimat.unipv.it/~max/tesi_XVI/Tesi_Beirao.pdf
http://www.germanlloyd.org/infoServices/rules/pdfs/english/s...
Hope this clarifies things a bit.
Peer comment(s):

neutral Johannes Gleim : looked for "von Mises" and FEM in Google and Wikipedia. See excerpts added to my answer. Unfortunately found no support or other term than element.
7 hrs
Something went wrong...
3 KudoZ points awarded for this answer. Comment: " Thank you Roy for pointing me to the finite-element approach itself (though I used a different term). (Thanks to Johannes also: See my discussion posting.)"
+2
3 hrs

intrados

mit beigestellter Unterlaibung und Auskleidung der Einstiegsöffnung. Art. Nr. 12200172301.
http://www.kortmann-gruppe.com/files/zeichnung_12200172301.p...

Waagerechte und schräge Rinnen sollten nicht verwendet werden. Falls wir diese nicht vermeiden können, sollten sie von der Oberleibung oder Unterleibung der Decke höchstens um 1/8 der Etagenhöhe entfernt sein. Ihre Gesammttiefe, ohne Beurteilung durch statische Berechnung ist in der gleichen Norm aufgeführt.
http://www.heluz.de/index.php?menu_id=900000&html_id=300207

Die Laibung oder Leibung ist die senkrechte Schnittfläche in einem Mauerwerk, die an Fenster- und Türöffnungen die innere, der Öffnung zugewandte Mauerfläche bildet. Im Gegensatz zu der rechtwinklig zur Fassade geschnittenen Laibung, bei der die seitlichen Begrenzungen der Öffnung Parallelen bilden, verläuft die Schnittfläche des Gewändes schräg durch das Mauerwerk.[1] Die obere, waagerechte Begrenzung einer Tür- oder Fensterumrahmung ist der Sturz.
Da heutzutage Laibungen verputzt werden, sind die Ecken meist im Innenausbau durch metallene Eckwinkel verstärkt. Wenn die Fassade nicht verputzt werden kann (siehe Hinterlüftete Fassade), wird die Laibung oftmals mit Aluminium, den Fassadenplatten an sich oder mit Leibungssystemen aus Kunststoff verkleidet.
Bei Bögen und Gewölben ist die Laibung die gekrümmte, über dem Kämpfer befindliche innere Bogen- bzw. Gewölbefläche, im Gegensatz zur äußeren, die Bogen- oder Gewölberücken genannt wird.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laibung

L'intrados est soit la face inférieure d'une voûte ou d'un arc, soit la face inférieure d'un claveau.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrados_(architecture)

L'extrados est soit la face supérieure d'une voûte ou d'un arc, soit la face supérieure d'un claveau.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrados_(architecture)

Intrados Sur un plan porteur non symétrique tel qu'un aile ou une voile, on distingue grossièrement quatre zones : le bord d'attaque, l'intrados, l'extrados et le bord de fuite. Sur un plan porteur symétrique tel qu'une dérive ou un gouvernail, on ne distingue par l'intrados et l'extrados car ils s'inversent en fonction de l'angle de travail du plan porteur.
http://www.arwenmarine.com/GlossaireI.html

intrados [constr.] die Bogenleibung
intrados [constr.] die Gewölbeleibung
intrados die Innenfläche
intrados [constr.] die Laibung auch: Leibung
Zusammengesetzte Einträge
intrados [constr.] innere Bogenfläche
intrados [constr.] innere Gewölbefläche
intrados curve [constr.] die Wölblinie
intrados of the roof section - tunnel [tech.] die Kalottenuntersicht
http://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&lang=de&searchLoc=0&cmpType...

Figure 3: (bottom) Section through arch showing typical ARCHTEC strengthening anchors installed tangent to intrados at quarter span (dimensions shown are in meters).
http://www.cintec.com/media/casestudies/9.1.4 Case Studies/N...

In one case, an arch bridge has been approved for rebuilding on a diverted alignment only because one or two bricks have fallen down from intrados of the arch.
http://www.iricen.gov.in/me/load.pdf

This paper presents the results of polyurethane resins testing for sealing and consolidation of the railway tunnel lining affected by infiltration. In order to know the technical state of lining at intrados, within its mass and at extrados,
http://www.ctta.org/FileUpload/ita/2004/data/abs_h06.pdf

Limited confidency as most articles with intrados relate to arches.

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Note added at 4 hrs (2010-04-06 20:40:57 GMT)
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In any case it deals with the lower side of a bar or floor.

From the context I do assume that the bar/beam/joist is splitted into several layers, each layer supporting different loads or strains. Therefore you may also talk about upper und lower layer.

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Note added at 13 hrs (2010-04-07 06:26:05 GMT)
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Other translations for Laibung:

embrasure [constr.] die Laibung auch: Leibung
haunch [engin.] die Laibung auch: Leibung
intrados [constr.] die Laibung auch: Leibung
jamb [constr.] die Laibung auch: Leibung
reveal [constr.] die Laibung auch: Leibung
soffit [arch.] [constr.] die Laibung auch: Leibung
http://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&lang=de&searchLoc=0&cmpType...

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Note added at 1 day17 mins (2010-04-07 16:55:26 GMT)
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In order to evalute Roy O'Connor's proposal "bottom/shell boundary" I studied Wikipedia articles about FEM and googled for "FEM"+"von Mises". No much hits.

Die Finite-Elemente-Methode, kurz FEM, oder auch „Methode der finiten Elemente“, ist ein numerisches Verfahren zur näherungsweisen Lösung, insbesondere elliptischer partieller Differentialgleichungen mit Randbedingungen.
:
Zunächst wird das Berechnungsgebiet in eine beliebig große Anzahl Elemente unterteilt. Diese Elemente sind „endlich" (finit) und nicht unendlich (infinit) klein.
:
Ist die Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade nicht allzu groß (bis ca. 500.000), lässt sich dieses Gleichungssystem am effizientesten mittels eines direkten Verfahrens lösen, zum Beispiel mit dem gaußschen Eliminationsverfahren.
:
Ist die partielle Differentialgleichung nichtlinear, ist auch das resultierende Gleichungssystem nichtlinear. Ein solches lässt sich in der Regel nur über numerische Näherungsverfahren lösen. Ein Beispiel für ein solches Verfahren ist das Newton-Verfahren, in dem schrittweise ein lineares System gelöst wird.
:
Nachdem ein gegebenes Problem diskretisiert ist und die Elementmatrizen aufgestellt sind, führt man vorgegebene Randbedingungen ein.
:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-Elemente-Methode

The finite element method (FEM) (its practical application often known as finite element analysis (FEA)) is a numerical technique for finding approximate solutions of partial differential equations (PDE) as well as of integral equations.
:
In the first step, one rephrases the original BVP in its weak, or variational form. Little to no computation is usually required for this step. The transformation is done by hand on paper.
The second step is the discretization, where the weak form is discretized in a finite dimensional space.
:
Such matrices are known as sparse matrices, and there are efficient solvers for such problems (much more efficient than actually inverting the matrix.) In addition, L is symmetric and positive definite, so a technique such as the conjugate gradient method is favored.
:
See also
Boundary element method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method

The boundary element method (BEM) is a numerical computational method of solving linear partial differential equations which have been formulated as integral equations (i.e. in boundary integral form).
:
BEM is applicable to problems for which Green's functions can be calculated. These usually involve fields in linear homogeneous media. This places considerable restrictions on the range and generality of problems to which boundary elements can usefully be applied. Nonlinearities can be included in the formulation, although they will generally introduce volume integrals which then require the volume to be discretised before solution can be attempted, removing one of the most often cited advantages of BEM.
:
The boundary element method is often more efficient than other methods, including finite elements, in terms of computational resources for problems where there is a small surface/volume ratio. Conceptually, it works by constructing a "mesh" over the modelled surface. However, for many problems boundary element methods are significantly less efficient than volume-discretisation methods (Finite element method, Finite difference method, Finite volume method).

Boundary element formulations typically give rise to fully populated matrices. This means that the storage requirements and computational time will tend to grow according to the square of the problem size. By contrast, finite element matrices are typically banded (elements are only locally connected) and the storage requirements for the system matrices typically grow quite linearly with the problem size.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_element_method

Die Randelementmethode (REM, englisch boundary element method, BEM, gelegentlich auch Momentenmethode, englisch MoM , method of moments) ist ein Diskretisierungsverfahren zur Berechnung von Anfangs- und Randwertproblemen mit partiellen Differentialgleichungen und ein numerisches Berechnungsverfahren in den Ingenieurwissenschaften.
:
Bei der Randelementmethode wird, im Gegensatz zur Finite-Elemente-Methode, nur der Rand bzw. die Oberfläche eines Gebietes oder einer Struktur diskretisiert betrachtet, nicht jedoch deren Fläche bzw. Volumen. Die unbekannten Zustandsgrößen befinden sich nur auf dem Rand.
:
Bei der BEM ist die Anzahl der diskreten Stützstellen (Knoten) und damit der Freiheitsgrade (FHG) wesentlich niedriger als bei der FEM und auch bei der Finite-Differenzen-Methode (FDM). Man erhält allerdings ein vollbesetztes, unsymmetrisches lineares Gleichungssystem, was die Wahl des Lösungsalgorithmus einschränkt oder erschwert und den Vorteil der geringeren Anzahl der FHG (teilweise) kompensiert.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randelementmethode

Found only 6 Google hits for "FEM"+"von Mises", i.g.

The most popular and well known methods for engineering applications are finite element method (FEM) and boundary element method (BEM). Numerical methods are based on the principal that is possible to derive some equations and relationships that describe accurately the behavior of small differential part of the body. By dividing the entire body into a large number of these small ‘parts’ and using further relationships to link up or assemble these parts together, it is possible to obtain a reasonable accurate prediction of the values of variables such as stresses and displacements in the body [9].
:
The types of elements used for 2D and axisymmetric boundary element problems are line elements. But note that their form also may be like curve. Triangular or rectangular shaped elements may be used for same sort of finite element problems. The finite element link model is modeled with rectangular elements since discretizing a model like chain links which have lots of curved boundaries with triangular elements is not recommended.
:
Numerical techniques consist of three basic steps: “pre-processor, processor and post-processor”.
The pre-processing stage consists of the procedures as constituting the geometry of the numerical procedure model, entering the physical and material properties of the model to the software and revealing the load acting on model [12]. The boundary element stress analyses are performed using BEASY® and finite element analysis are performed using ANYSY® software.
:
Although the values are very close to each other; the results of
boundary element method may be accepted as more accurate results, since the safety factor is assumed as 2.5 for standard calculation of the chains. Boundary element solution (231.98 N/mm2) is closer to the analytical solution (238.1 N/mm2) than the Von Mises result of the finite element analysis (224.98 N/mm2), it is clearly understood that BEM is more suitable than FEM for the chain link application. Although the maximum stress areas are appeared on the boundaries of the pin hole, the boundary element method is more appropriate for the chain link application than the finite element method.
http://www.sigma.yildiz.edu.tr/2004-4-8-tam.pdf

Conclusion: No real support for "bottom boundary" or "shell boundary" found. No other term for designation of the upper and lower shell. Both methods uses "elements" linked together either in layers (or lines or shells) or by areas.
Peer comment(s):

agree Veronika McLaren
2 hrs
Thank you!
agree Norbert Hermann
11 hrs
Thank you!
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