20:00 Mar 30, 2017 |
Polish to English translations [PRO] History | |||||||
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Summary of answers provided | ||||
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3 | trace / ground-plan |
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3 | outline |
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1 | layout |
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layout Explanation: Narys fortyfikacyjny[edytuj] Narys fortyfikacyjny – sposób rozmieszczenia poszczególnych dzieł fortyfikacyjnych lub ich elementów w dawnych fortyfikacjach. Wśród narysów fortyfikacyjnych rozróżnia się: narys bastionowy – stosowany od XVI wieku do XIX wieku. Złożony był z pięciokątnych masywów ziemnych – bastionów połączonych ze sobą prostymi odcinkami wałów ziemnych tzw. kurtyn. Całość tworzyła zamknięty wielobok, czyli poligon (nazywany także wielobokiem fortyfikacyjnym). Pomiędzy poszczególnymi bastionami wznoszono także dodatkowe umocnienia, takie jak: rawelin, kleszcze, przeciwstraż narys kleszczowy – stosowany wspólnie z narysem bastionowym. Powstawał w wyniku przedłużenia czół bastionów i rawelinów aż do punktu zetknięcia się narys poligonalny – stosowany w fortyfikacjach od XVIII wieku do XIX wieku. Powstawał przez przedłużenie czół bastionów i umieszczenie w punkcie przecięcia dodatkowego dzieła obronnego w postaci kaponiery lub kojca. https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narys_fortyfikacyjny -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 12 mins (2017-03-30 20:13:27 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- ALBO: "design" |
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Notes to answerer
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trace / ground-plan Explanation: narys bastionowy – stosowany od XVI wieku do XIX wieku ------- The bastion system From the end of the seventeenth century onwards the conventional design of fortifications was based on the bastion "trace" or ground-plan. - http://www.littlehamptonfort.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/0... - page 3 ----- Trace. Ground-plan of a fortification.- https://goo.gl/NPtQec ------ In this period the design of fortifications was based on the bastion "trace" or ground-plan. This had originated in Italy in the 16th century.[7] From the late 17th century the model system of fortification was considered to be that based on the bastion trace of Vauban, Louis XIV's military engineer - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_wall#Lazare_Carnot_and_... ----- In some types of bastioned fortifications, the caponier served only as a covered means of access to the outworks, with the bastion-trace allowing for the defence of the ditch by fire from the main parapets. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caponier ------ A rampart with a ditch/moat in front was not sufficient to stop an assault. A third element was needed to cover these two with shot. That third element of the trace or ground plan was so designed that around a fortification's perimeter there would be no spot left untouched by defensive fire - to make a play on words, no dead ground so there would be only a killing ground - http://www.syler.com/SiegeWarfare/basicconcepts/rampartyditc... ------ At the same time, the plan or "trace" of these ramparts began to be formed into angular projections called bastions - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_(fortification) ------ Essentials of the bastion system 1 Profile of fortification 2 Trace (ground plan) of a simple bastioned front - https://goo.gl/tmZAHR --- |
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outline Explanation: The usual translation. -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 2 hrs (2017-03-30 22:11:43 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- https://books.google.com/books?id=ao1HAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA146&lpg=... cccccccccccccc narys rzeczownik, rodzaj męski, męski rzeczowy ▸sketch ▸outline http://translatica.pl/translatica/po-angielsku/narys;833752.... ccccccccccc Polski - Angielski - narys n. sketch, scratch, outline » narys po angielsku http://pl.dictionarist.com/narys |
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